(5/10)

Leaning by heart

• Written exercises.
• Probably students do not know what they are writing about and why.

Mechanical exercise:

• Use of memory.
• Should be dealt with first orally.

The silent way

1st stage: presentation:

2nd  input: given time to student

3rd role

4th: repeating after the teacher.

• Developed by Gattegno in the early 60’s.
• Use of silence on the part of the teacher.
• “Teaching should  be subordinated to learning”.
• Students should be able to use the language for self-expression.
• Students become independent by relying on themselves.

Total physical response:

• Also named Comprehension Approach.
• Listening comprehension first.
• Use of commands to direct behaviour.
• Commands are given to get students to perform an action.
• The action makes the meaning of the command clear.
• Stress free environment.

Natural approach:

• Observing how children acquire their mother tongue. Follow the same steps.
• The child chooses to speak when it is ready.
• The teacher helps his/her students to understand him/her by using pictures and occasional words in the students’ native language.
• Students are permitted to use their native language along with the target language.

Communicative approaches:

• Everyone has a natural desire not only to understand himself but also to communicate with others. The closer people live together, the more this desire becomes a necessity.
• The first step in any learning process must be the identification of interests, needs and motivation.
• Language as a medium of communication.
• Communication embraces functions and notions.
• Communicative and meaningful activities.
• Learner centered approach or motivation centred approach. It means that the students are the main character of the teaching process.
• Listening: 20-30 minutes in the first course.
• Concept of need:

×          Ways in which the learner will be called upon to use the language in situations he may meet.

×          Personal and social development of the student, including the development of study skills and self-reliance.

×          Meaning is paramount.